Beyond potency, a good developability profile is a key attribute of a biological drug.
Selecting and screening for such attributes early in the drug development process can save …

Snakebite envenoming kills and maims hundreds of thousands of people every year,
especially in the rural settings of tropical regions. Envenomings are still treated with animal …

Snakebite envenoming is a significant global health challenge, and for over a century,
traditional plasma-derived antivenoms from hyperimmunized animals have been the primary …

The camelid-derived single chain antibody (sdAb), also termed VHH or nanobody, is a
unique, functional heavy (H)-chain antibody (HCAb). In contrast to conventional antibodies …

Abstract Three-finger toxins (3FTxs) have traditionally been obtained via venom fractionation
of whole venoms from snakes. This method often yields functional toxins, but it can be …

Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease that causes over 100,000 deaths
annually. Envenomings result in variable pathologies, but systemic neurotoxicity is among …

Phage display technology is a powerful tool for selecting monoclonal antibodies against a
diverse set of antigens. Within toxinology, however, it remains challenging to generate …

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that bind their cognate antigen in a pH-dependent
manner (acid-switched antibodies) can release their bound antigen for degradation in the …

Snakebite envenoming (SBE) is a global public health concern, primarily due to the lack of
effective antivenom for treating snakebites inflicted by medically significant venomous …

Abstract Background Nanobodies (Nbs), which consist of only antigen-binding domains of
heavy chain antibodies, have been used in a various range of applications due to their …