Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous
system (CNS) where immunopathology is thought to be mediated by myelin-reactive CD4+ T …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) has long been considered a CD4 T-cell disease, primarily because
of the findings that the strongest genetic risk for MS is the major histocompatibility complex …

Background Ozanimod (RPC1063) is an oral agonist of the sphingosine-1-phosphate
receptor subtypes 1 and 5 that induces peripheral lymphocyte sequestration, potentially …

CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play central roles in immunity in health and disease. While much is
known about the effector function of Th cells in combating pathogens and promoting …

The discovery of fingolimod (FTY720/Gilenya; Novartis), an orally active immunomodulatory
drug, has opened up new approaches to the treatment of multiple sclerosis, the most …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multi‐component disease characterized by inflammation,
neurodegeneration and failure of central nervous system (CNS) repair mechanisms …

Until recently, all approved multiple sclerosis (MS) disease treatments were administered
parenterally. Oral fingolimod was approved in September 2010 by the US Food and Drug …

A 37-year-old man with multiple sclerosis has recurrent disease activity despite several
previous therapies. Treatment with fingolimod is recommended. Fingolimod blocks the …

Abstract Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P receptors (S1PR) are ubiquitously
expressed. S1P-S1PR signaling has been well characterized in immune trafficking and …

Sphingolipids, ubiquitous membrane lipids in eukaryotes, carry out a myriad of critical
cellular functions. The past two decades have seen significant advances in sphingolipid …