Background Spasticity is defined as “a motor disorder characterised by a velocity dependent
increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks”. It is a highly …

Ultrasound (US) is an important imaging tool for skeletal muscle analysis. The advantages of
US include point-of-care access, real-time imaging, cost-effectiveness, and absence of …

Background Post-stroke muscle stiffness is a major challenge in the rehabilitation of stroke
survivors, with no gold standard in clinical assessment. Muscle stiffness is typically …

Numerous studies have established a robust body of evidence for botulinum toxin A (BoNT-
A) therapy as a treatment for upper motor neuron syndrome. These studies demonstrated …

The incidence of muscle spasticity is high in patients with diseases of the central nervous
system. This condition leads to significant limitations in movement and impaired functional …

Shear wave elastography is an emerging diagnostic tool used to assess for changes in the
stiffness of muscle. Each region of the muscle may have a different stiffness; therefore, the …

Purpose Our objective in this study was to assess the changes in medial gastrocnemius
muscle (GCM) stiffness after botulinum toxin A (BTA) injection in children with cerebral palsy …

Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A (BoNT-A) injections using Ultrasound (US) guidance have led
to research evaluating changes in muscle architecture. Controversy remains as to what …

(1) Background: The evaluation of muscles with spasticity using ultrasound elastography
has attracted attention recently, and the shear wave velocity (SWV) technique can measure …

Botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) blocks acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction
(NMJ) and is widely used for neuromuscular disorders (involuntary spasms, dystonic …