Drug transporters are recognized as key players in the processes of drug absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The localization of uptake and efflux transporters …

Introduction Interindividual differences in drug response are a frequent clinical challenge
partly due to variation in pharmacokinetics. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are …

Human ABCG2 is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily and
is known to contribute to multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer chemotherapy. Among ABC …

Tumor drug resistance significantly limits the success of chemotherapy in the clinic. Tumor
cells utilize multiple mechanisms to prevent the accumulation of anticancer drugs at their …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation and
bone erosion. The exact mechanism of RA is still unknown, but various immune cytokines …

Evidence is accumulating for the early sustained usage of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic
drugs (DMARDs) in rheumatoid arthritis. Leflunomide was licensed for the treatment of …

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is the key enzyme in de novo biosynthesis of
pyrimidine in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The de novo pathway of pyrimidine …

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in American women. While
significant progress has been made in the development of modern diagnostic tools and …

The discovery and characterization of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) as an efflux
transporter conferring multidrug resistance has set off a remarkable trajectory in the …

Leflunomide, an inhibitor of dihydroorotase dehydrogenase and thereby pyrimidine
synthesis, was approved for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in 1998. During the following …