Seismic tomography reveals 2 extensive regions in the lowermost mantle, beneath Africa
and the Pacific, that exhibit lower-than-average seismic wave speeds. These regions have …

The core–mantle boundary (CMB)–the interface between the silicate mantle and liquid iron
alloy outer core–is the most important boundary inside our planet, with processes occurring …

The stratospheric polar vortex can influence the tropospheric circulation and thereby winter
weather in the mid-latitudes. Weak vortex states, often associated with sudden stratospheric …

Two large low-shear-velocity provinces (LLSVPs) in the deep mantle beneath Africa and the
Pacific are generally interpreted as hot but chemically dense 'piles', which have remained …

Three-dimensional thermo-chemical mantle convection simulations with mineral
assemblages self-consistently calculated using free energy minimization are used to check …

In many text books of fluid dynamics, and for most students, the word “fluid” refers to one of
the states of matter, either liquid or gaseous, in contrast to the solid state. This definition is …

The Earth was formed by the accretion of both differentiated and undifferentiated parent
bodies, and the large density difference between metallic and ionic components gave rise to …

Phase assemblages of mantle rocks calculated from the ratios of five oxides (CaO‐FeO‐
MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2) by free energy minimization were used to calculate the material …

Numerical simulations of thermo-chemical, multi-phase, compressible mantle convection in
a three-dimensional spherical shell are used to investigate the relationship between lateral …

Numerical simulations of thermo‐chemical, multi‐phase mantle convection in a 3‐D
spherical shell are performed to determine how a low viscosity of post‐perovskite affects …