We review economics research regarding the effect of police, punishments, and work on
crime, with a particular focus on papers from the last twenty years. Evidence in favor of …

This article reviews the evidence on the deterrent effect of police, imprisonment, and capital
punishment and additionally summarizes knowledge of sanction risk perceptions. Studies of …

Linear regressions with period and group fixed effects are widely used to estimate treatment
effects. We show that they estimate weighted sums of the average treatment effects (ATE) in …

The evidence in support of the deterrent effect of the certainty of punishment is far more
consistent than that for the severity of punishment. However, the evidence in support of …

Objective To investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on conventional crime and
organized crime in Mexico City, Mexico. Methods Mexico City's Attorney General's Office …

Many empirical studies have examined the various determinants of crime. However, the link
between crime and air pollution has been largely overlooked. In this paper we study whether …

As police officers have become increasingly common in US public schools, their role in
school discipline has often expanded. While there is growing public debate about the …

In this article, we study the crime reducing potential of education, presenting causal
statistical estimates based upon a law that changed the compulsory school leaving age in …

Since 1972, the rate of incarceration in US state and federal prisons has increased every
year without exception from a rate of 96 prisoners per 100,000 population in 1972 to 504 …

Using state-level variation in the timing of political reforms, we find that an increase in female
representation in local government induces a large and significant rise in documented …