The chloroplast organelle in mesophyll cells of higher plants represents a sunlight‐driven
metabolic factory that eventually fuels life on our planet. Knowledge of the ultrastructure and …

Oxygenic photosynthesis evolved billions of years ago, becoming Earth's main source of
biologically available carbon and atmospheric oxygen. Since then, phototrophic organisms …

The oxidative environment within the mitochondria makes them particularly vulnerable to
proteotoxic stress. To maintain a healthy mitochondrial network, eukaryotes have evolved …

Plant seeds do not contain differentiated chloroplasts. Upon germination, the seedlings thus
need to gain photoautotrophy before storage energies are depleted. This requires the …

Plant cells are characterized by a unique group of interconvertible organelles called
plastids, which are descended from prokaryotic endosymbionts. The most studied plastid …

In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of
plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the …

Background The developmental gradient in monocot leaves has been exploited to uncover
leaf developmental gene expression programs and chloroplast biogenesis processes …

The state of etiolation is generally defined by the presence of non-green plastids (etioplasts)
in plant tissues that would normally contain chloroplasts. In the commonly used dark-grown …

Eukaryotic phytoplankton have a small global biomass but play major roles in primary
production and climate. Despite improved understanding of phytoplankton diversity and …

The term “de-etiolation” refers to the light-dependent differentiation of etioplasts to
chloroplasts in angiosperms. The underlying process involves reorganization of prolamellar …