Prodrugs are chemically modified drug molecules that are inactive before administration.
After administration, they are converted in situ to parent drugs and induce the mechanism of …

The immune system not only acts as a defense against pathogen and cancer cells, but also
plays an important role in homeostasis and tissue regeneration. Targeting immune systems …

Simple Summary Cancer cells are consistently under oxidative stress, as reflected by
elevated basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), due to increased metabolism driven …

Immunotherapy has achieved great success recently and opened a new avenue for anti-
tumor treatment. Programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) …

Due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM) resulting from tumor-
associated macrophages (TAMs) and regulatory T cells, immune checkpoint blockade and …

Camptothecin (CPT) is a cytotoxic alkaloid that attenuates the replication of cancer cells via
blocking DNA topoisomerase 1. Despite its encouraging and wide-spectrum antitumour …

Though increasing understanding and remarkable clinical successes have been made,
enormous challenges remain to be solved in the field of cancer immunotherapy. In this …

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a special pattern of tumor cell death, enabling to elicit tumor‐
specific immune response via the release of damage‐associated molecular patterns and …

The escalating global prevalence of antimicrobial resistance poses a critical threat,
prompting concerns about its impact on public health. This predicament is exacerbated by …

Cancer immunotherapy has been a revolutionary cancer treatment modality because it can
not only eliminate primary tumors but also prevent metastases and recurrent tumors …