Highlights•B cell progenitors are metabolically active during expansion and silent during Ig
recombination.•Upon antigenic stimuli, naïve B cells rapidly increase both glycolysis and …

During antigen-driven responses, B cells can differentiate at extra-follicular (EF) sites or
initiate germinal centers (GCs) in processes that involve interactions with T cells. Here, we …

Protection from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition will likely require an
effective vaccine that elicits antibodies against the HIV‐1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs) …

Key events in T cell–dependent antibody responses, including affinity maturation, are
dependent on the B cell's presentation of antigen to helper T cells at critical checkpoints in …

Sustained release vaccine carriers can facilitate an increased interaction time between the
antigen and immune system to strengthen immune responses, but their promotion on …

Cerebral malaria (CM), the deadliest complication of Plasmodium infection, is a complex
and unpredictable disease. However, our understanding of the host and parasite factors that …

It is clear that new approaches are needed to promote broadly protective immunity to viral
pathogens, particularly those that are prone to mutation and escape from antibody-mediated …

Introduction Current vaccines against COVID-19 administered via parenteral route have
limited ability to induce mucosal immunity. There is a need for an effective mucosal vaccine …

The goal of immunization is to produce both a flood of antibodies to neutralize antigen and
memory cells to accelerate the secondary response. To enhance the generation of memory …

For the induction of antigen-specific T-cell responses by vaccination, an appropriate immune
adjuvant is required. Vaccine adjuvants generally provide two functions, namely, immune …