Excitotoxicity is a phenomenon that describes the toxic actions of excitatory
neurotransmitters, primarily glutamate, where the exacerbated or prolonged activation of …

Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures due to hyperexcitability and
hypersynchrony of brain neurons. Current theories of pathophysiology stress neuronal …

The aquaporins (AQPs) are plasma membrane water-transporting proteins. AQP4 is the
principal member of this protein family in the CNS, where it is expressed in astrocytes and is …

Experimental models of epilepsy are useful to identify potential mechanisms of
epileptogenesis, seizure genesis, comorbidities, and treatment efficacy. The kainic acid (KA) …

Astrocytes are key homeostatic regulators in the central nervous system and play important
roles in physiology. After brain damage caused by eg, status epilepticus, traumatic brain …

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is one of the most abundant molecules in the brain and is particularly
prevalent in astrocytic membranes at the blood-brain and brain-liquor interfaces. While …

Epilepsy, a neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures, is highly
heterogeneous in nature. Based on the prevalence, epilepsy is classified into two types …

The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, are
the selective loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and …

The epilepsies are a diverse spectrum of disease states characterized by spontaneous
seizures and associated comorbidities. Neuron-focused perspectives have yielded an array …

Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders characterized by recurrent,
spontaneous, and unpredictable seizures. It is one of the most common neurological …