A variety of cutting tool materials are used for the contact mode mechanical machining of
components under extreme conditions of stress, temperature and/or corrosion, including …

Tungsten, as a strategic and critical raw material, has a wide range of industrial applications,
due to its remarkable physical and chemical properties and the difficulty in finding a viable …

In spite of the critical environmental impacts of mining and the associated geopolitical supply
risk, the strategic importance of rare metal tungsten is escalated by rapid expansions in …

Tungsten's unique properties and the excellent cutting and wear resistance properties of its
carbides have made it a strategic commodity of high importance globally. Cemented …

The scraped and end-of-life tungsten carbide materials demand innovative recycling
methods to recover valuable refractory and strategic metals like tungsten, cobalt, nickel etc …

The use of cobalt has experienced a strong growth in the last decades. Due to its high
economic importance and high supply risk, it has been classified as a critical raw material for …

Hard-metal sector, strategic for the industrial economies, is suffering from the reduced
availability and price volatility of its main feedstock: critical W and Co. In 2021, a 73.5 kt W …

This paper reviews the state-of-the-art recycling of tungsten from carbide (WC) scraps and
other spent alloys generated by various production and application industries. With an aim …

Cobalt and tungsten have been listed since 2008 as “critical raw materials” by the European
Commission. Recycling used cemented carbide tools is a solution to reduce the criticality of …

Tungsten and cobalt can be recovered from cemented tungsten carbide-Co (WC-Co) scraps
using a novel process based on roasting of the scraps with Na2CO3 and water leaching of …