Microglia are the primary innate immune system cells in the central nervous system (CNS).
They are crucial for the immunity, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurotrophic support …

Complex roles for astrocytes in health and disease continue to emerge, highlighting this
class of cells as integral to function and dysfunction of the nervous system. In particular …

Long-term administration of morphine for the management of chronic pain will result in
tolerance to its analgesic effect and could even cause drug dependence. Numerous studies …

Stressed oligodendrocytes (OLGs) activate microglia to produce an inflammatory response,
and the impairment of mitochondria further aggravates OLG damage, which is the earliest …

Nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cGMP) signaling has been
shown to act as a mediator involved in pain transmission and processing. In this review, we …

This paper is the fortieth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of
research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during …

Morphine has a crucial role in treating both moderate to severe pain and chronic pain.
However, prolonged administration of morphine can lead to tolerance of analgesia, resulting …

The pervasive and devastating nature of substance use disorders underlies the need for the
continued development of novel pharmacotherapies. We now know that glia play a much …

Morphine is one of the naturally occurring phenanthrene alkaloids of opium that induces
adverse effects on male reproductive system. Resveratrol is a phytoestrogen and antioxidant …

Objective: Although morphine is among the first-line medicines for the treatment of
neuropathic pain, evidence has shown that the morphine efficacy gradually decreases and …