Angiosperms and their flowers have greatly diversified into an overwhelming array of forms
in the past 135 million years. Diversification was shaped by changes in climate and the …

Flower morphology results from the interaction of an established genetic program, the
influence of external forces induced by pollination systems, and physical forces acting …

Symmetry is a defining feature of floral diversity. Here we review the evolutionary and
ecological context of floral symmetry (adding new data regarding its distribution), as well as …

Mechanical forces acting within the plant body that can mold flower shape throughout
development received little attention. The palette of action of these forces ranges from …

Perianth bilateral symmetry (zygomorphy) has evolved repeatedly from radial symmetry
(actinomorphy) throughout angiosperms. Zygomorphy has previously been linked with plant …

Merism in flowers is the result of a combination of a whorled phyllotaxis, the proportion of
relative sizes of floral organs and flower meristem, and pressures from external organs …

In my study of natural shapes, more specifically of bamboo, I started using the superellipses
and supercircles of Gabriel Lamé around 1994 to study the shape of certain square …

Hierarchical structures are comprised of nanoscale “building blocks”—varying in shape and
size—assembled to produce micro/meso scale structures, which possess morphologies that …

The late Eocene ambers provide plethora of animal and plant fossils including well-
preserved angiosperm flowers from the Baltic amber. The Rovno amber from NW Ukraine …

Background A general view in the study of pollination syndromes is that floral traits usually
represent convergent floral adaptations to specific functional pollinator groups. However, the …