Stress is a well‐known risk factor in the development of addiction and in addiction relapse
vulnerability. A series of population‐based and epidemiological studies have identified …

In this review, we detail the clinical evidence supporting the role of psychological and
physiological stress in instrumental motivation for alcohol consumption during the …

The purpose of this review is to discuss ways to think about and study sex differences in
preclinical animal models. We use the framework of addiction, in which animal models have …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of the innate immune system that respond to
exogenous infectious ligands (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and …

Sex differences are present for all of the phases of drug abuse (initiation, escalation of use,
addiction, and relapse following abstinence). While there are some differences among …

Background Exposure to stress is potentially important in the pathway to alcohol use and
alcohol use disorders. Stressors occur at multiple time points across the life course, with …

Relapse is a highly prevalent phenomenon in addiction. This paper examines the new
research on identifying biological factors that contribute to addiction relapse risk …

Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with changes in stress and reward pathways that could
alter vulnerability to emotional stress and alcohol craving. This study examines whether …

Background: Intermittent access (IA) to drugs of abuse, as opposed to continuous access, is
hypothesized to induce a kindling‐type transition from moderate to escalated use, leading to …

Stress is an important factor known to increase alcohol and drug relapse risk. This paper
examines the stress-related processes that influence addiction relapse. First, individual …