The number of mouse mutants and strains with neural tube defects (NTDs) now exceeds
240, including 205 representing specific genes, 30 for unidentified genes, and 9 …

Secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRP) are glycoproteins containing a so-called frizzled-
like cysteine-rich domain. This domain enables them to bind to Wnt ligands or frizzled (FzD) …

The BMP and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways cooperatively regulate osteoblast
differentiation and bone formation. Although BMP signaling regulates gene expression of …

The neural crest is a transient and multipotent cell population arising at the edge of the
neural plate in vertebrates. Recent findings highlight that neural crest patterning is initiated …

Keloids are benign dermal tumors that form during wound healing in genetically susceptible
individuals. The mechanism (s) of keloid formation is unknown and there is no satisfactory …

Gastruloids are a powerful in vitro model of early human development. However, although
elongated and composed of all three germ layers, human gastruloids do not morphologically …

The vertebrate eye is a highly specialized sensory organ, which is derived from the anterior
neural plate, head surface ectoderm, and neural crest-derived mesenchyme. The single …

Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising therapy for ischemic
injury; however, inadequate survival of implanted cells in host tissue is a substantial …

Secreted frizzled-related proteins (Sfrps) are considered Wnt signalling antagonists but
recent studies have shown that specific family members enhance Wnt diffusion and thus …

Branching morphogenesis is a molecularly conserved mechanism that is adopted by several
organs, such as the lung, kidney, mammary gland and salivary gland, to maximize the …