Motivational processes are complex and multifaceted, with both directional and activational
aspects. Behavioral activation and exertion of effort are functions that enable organisms to …

Motivation has been defined as the process that allows organisms to regulate their internal
and external environment, and control the probability, proximity and availability of stimuli. As …

Anhedonia is one of the core symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD), which is often
inadequately treated by traditional antidepressants. The modern framework of anhedonia …

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common and debilitating psychiatric disorders.
Some of the motivational symptoms of depression, such anergia (lack of self-reported …

Apathy is one of the most prevalent, stable and persistent neuropsychiatric symptom across
the neurocognitive disorders spectrum. Recent advances in understanding of …

Serotonin is implicated in many aspects of behavioral regulation. Theoretical attempts to
unify the multiple roles assigned to serotonin proposed that it regulates the impact of costs …

Background Depression is a disorder twice as common in women than in men. There are
sex differences in the symptomatology and treatment response to this disorder. Impairments …

Motivated behavior can be characterized by behavioral activation and high work output.
Moreover, people with depression and other disorders show effort-related motivational …

In recent years, there has been increasing emphasis on the importance of motivational
symptoms in depression, schizophrenia and other disorders. The present review discusses …

Objective The aims of this study were to examine:(1) the relationship between apathy and
disability in late-life depression, and (2) the functional significance of improvement in apathy …