The heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitous and conserved protein families in both
prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, and they maintain cellular proteostasis and protect …

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune syndrome associated with several genetic,
epigenetic, and environmental factors affecting the articular joints contributing to cartilage …

Like other autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) develops in distinct stages, with
each phase of disease linked to immune cell dysfunction. HLA class II genes confer the …

Abstract Naturally occurring Foxp3+ CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T (TREG) cells maintain
immunological self-tolerance and prevent a variety of autoimmune diseases, including …

For more than 50 years, heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been studied for their role in
protecting cells from elevated temperature and other forms of stress. More recently, several …

Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are a diverse group of constitutive and/or stress-induced
molecules that are categorized into several classes on the basis of their molecular weight …

Rodent models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been used over decades to study the
immunopathogenesis of the disease and to explore intervention strategies. Nevertheless …

Macrophages are key cells in the innate immune system. They phagocytose pathogens and
cellular debris, promote inflammation, and have important roles in tumor immunity …

Peptide drugs play an important part in medicine owing to their many therapeutic
applications. Of the 80 peptide drugs approved for use in humans, at least five are now off …

Introduction: Immune tolerance remains the holy grail of therapeutic immunology in the fields
of organ and tissue transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, and allergy and asthma. We …