Per occasion, alcohol consumption is higher in adolescents than in adults in both humans
and laboratory animals, with changes in the adolescent brain probably contributing to this …

Adolescence is characterized by pronounced changes in motivated behavior, during which
emphasis on potential rewards may result in an increased tendency to approach things that …

Adolescence is an important ontogenetic period that is characterized by behaviors such as
enhanced novelty-seeking, impulsivity, and reward preference, which can give rise to an …

The onset of adolescence in humans is marked by hormonal changes that give rise to
secondary sexual characteristics, noted as puberty. It has, however, proven challenging to …

Adaptive decision making in dynamic environments requires multiple reinforcement-learning
steps that may be implemented by dissociable neural circuits. Here, we used a novel …

Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, characterized by
substantial changes in reward‐driven behavior. Although reward‐driven behavior is …

The human brain is active during rest and hierarchically organized into intrinsic functional
networks. These functional networks are largely established early in development, with …

One of the major functions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is to promote flexible motivated
behavior. It is no surprise, therefore, that recent work has demonstrated a prominent impact …

Background Air pollution is linked to neurodevelopmental delays, but its association with
longitudinal changes in brain network development has yet to be investigated. We aimed to …

Preclinical evidence suggests that ghrelin, a peptide synthesized by endocrine cells of the
stomach and a key component of the gut–brain axis, is involved in alcohol seeking as it …