New treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS) focused on B cells have created an atmosphere
of excitement in the MS community. B cells are now known to play a major role in disease …

The virome contains the most abundant and fastest mutating genetic elements on Earth. The
mammalian virome is constituted of viruses that infect host cells, virus-derived elements in …

Viruses that cause chronic infection constitute a stable but little-recognized part of our
metagenome: our virome. Ongoing immune responses hold these chronic viruses at bay …

Gammaherpesviruses are lymphotropic viruses that are associated with the development of
lymphoproliferative diseases, lymphomas, as well as other nonlymphoid cancers. Most …

The role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in innate immunity and their ability to recognise
microbial products has been well characterised. TLRs are also able to recognise …

Advanced sequencing techniques have shown that bacteria are not the only complex and
important microbes in the human intestine. Nonbacterial organisms, particularly the virome …

Mammals are coinfected by multiple pathogens that interact through unknown mechanisms.
We found that helminth infection, characterized by the induction of the cytokine interleukin-4 …

Nearly all human beings, by the time they reach adolescence, are infected with multiple
herpesviruses. At any given time, this family of viruses accounts for 35–40 billion human …

Over the past several decades, significant advances have been made in identifying factors
that contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and have culminated in the …

Intestinal dysbiosis is one of the causes underlying the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD), encompassing ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Besides …