This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Animal models of learning and memory have been the subject of considerable research.
Rodents such as mice and rats are nocturnal animals with poor vision, and their survival …

Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that can affect social interactions and
sensory‐motor behaviors. The present study investigates the effect of environmental …

Prenatal stress could have great influence on development of offspring and might alter
cognitive function and other physiological processes of children. The current study was …

Thyroid hormones are essential for neonatal brain development. It is well established that
absence of thyroid hormones during critical periods of development can alter sensory …

Objective (s): Smoking opium/cigarette is a global health concern. The aim of this study was
to examine learning and memory of rat male offsprings whose mothers had been exposed to …

Objective: Stem cells (SCs) can improve the functional defects of brain injury. Rodents use
their whiskers to get tactile information from their surroundings. The aim of this study was to …

Damage to somatosensory “barrel” cortex reduces the rats' behavioral sensitivity in
discrimination of tactile stimuli. Here, we examined how transplantation of stem cells into the …

Chronic exposure to opioids is the most common treatment plan to reduce the pain. In this
study, the stereotyped behaviors and cognitive functions related to different types of tactile …

Objective (s): As far as we know, there has been no report regarding the effects of opium
addiction or dependency of both parents on the learning and memory process in offspring …