Blockchain is a distributed ledger that is decentralized, immutable, and transparent, which
maintains a continuously growing list of transaction records ordered into blocks. As the core …

The secure hash algorithm 2 (SHA-2) family, including the SHA-224/256/384/512 hash
functions, is widely adopted in many modern domains, ranging from Internet of Things …

Most cryptographic protocols model a player's knowledge of secrets in a simple way.
Informally, the player knows a secret in the sense that she can directly furnish it as a (private) …

The development of a low-cost high-performance secure hash algorithm (SHA)-256
accelerator has recently received extensive interest because SHA-256 is important in …

Cryptocurrency is rapidly emerging as a prominent player in the global financial system,
characterized by its decentralized nature and the absence of centralized government …

Blockchain distributed ledger technology (DLT) has widespread applications in society 5.0
because it improves service efficiency and significantly reduces labor costs. However …

Cryptographic techniques are reviewed in this literature study, with particular attention paid
to their applicability, Importance, contributions, And field strengths. These algorithms include …

The development of high-speed SHA-2 hardware with high flexibility is urgently needed
because SHA-2 functions are widely employed in numerous fields, from loT devices to cryp …

Once there are constant or infrequently changed bits (COIBs) in two adjacent input
messages of SHA-2, the switching power of input messages data registers (IMD-REGs) used …

The password-based key derivation function Scrypt has been employed for many services
and applications due to its protection ability. It has also been employed as a proof-of-work …