Over 20 years ago, the pyrrolysine encoding translation system was discovered in specific
archaea. Our Review provides an overview of how the once obscure pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are an essential and universally distributed family of
enzymes that plays a critical role in protein synthesis, pairing tRNAs with their cognate …

Improvements in DNA synthesis and sequencing have underpinned comprehensive
assessment of gene function in bacteria and eukaryotes. Genome-wide analyses require …

Over the past 16 years, genetic code expansion and reprogramming in living organisms has
been transformed by advances that leverage the unique properties of pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

Recoding—the repurposing of genetic codons—is a powerful strategy for enhancing
genomes with functions not commonly found in nature. Here, we report computational …

Directed evolution of orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) enables site-specific
installation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins. Traditional evolution …

Virtually all natural proteins are built from only 20 amino acids, and while this makes
possible all the functions they perform, the ability to encode other amino acids selected for …

Genetic code expansion technologies supplement the natural codon repertoire with
assignable variants in vivo, but are often limited by heterologous translational components …

Pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) is a major tool in genetic code expansion using
noncanonical amino acids, yet its structure and function are not completely understood …

We recently described an orthogonal initiator tRNA (i tRNATy2) that can initiate protein
synthesis with noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) in response to the UAG nonsense codon …