Cell death is a fundamental biological phenomenon that is essential for the survival and
development of an organism. Emerging evidence also indicates that cell death contributes to …

The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading microbial
pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect …

The pneumococcus is the classic Gram-positive extracellular pathogen. The medical burden
of diseases it causes is amongst the greatest in the world. Intense study for more than 100 …

Asthma is a complex inflammatory disease characterized by airway inflammation and
hyperresponsiveness. The mechanisms associated with the development and progression …

Pneumococcus remains the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia
worldwide. Streptococcus pneumoniae is well adapted to people, and is a frequent …

Pneumococcal meningitis continues to be associated with high rates of mortality and long-
term neurological sequelae. The most common route of infection starts by nasopharyngeal …

Acute lower respiratory tract infections are a major cause of death and disability, yet the
mechanisms that make such infections so virulent are not entirely understood. This review …

In the respiratory system, the upper tract is colonized with commensal bacteria, whereas the
lower tract is sterile. The respiratory system is continuously exposed to a variety of bacteria …

Diseases of the respiratory tract are among the leading causes of death in the world
population. Increasing evidence points to a key role of the innate immune system with its …

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.
Pneumococci can be divided into> 90 serotypes that show differences in the pathogenicity …