Substantial evidence has supported the role of endothelial cell (EC) activation and
dysfunction in the development of hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and lupus …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by the aerobic metabolism. The imbalance
between production of ROS and antioxidant defence in any cell compartment is associated …

The article offers information on the dysregulated inflammatory response and strategies for
treatment of the inflammation. It discusses the inflammation as a natural protective response …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common systemic autoimmune disorder and is
characterized by autoantibody formation and subsequent immune complex deposition into …

Endotoxemia-related acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with increased formation of
prostaglandins, which may serve as a compensatory mechanism to maintain renal function …

Hepatorenal syndrome type 1 (HRS-1) is a unique form of acute kidney injury that affects
individuals with decompensated cirrhosis with ascites. The primary mechanism leading to …

Background Premenopausal women have a lower risk of hypertension compared to age-
matched men and postmenopausal women. P2Y 2 and P2Y 4 purinoceptor can be …

Polymers are often contaminated with lipopolysaccharides also known as endotoxins. Even
small amounts of endotoxins can have strong effects on endothelial cell function so that the …

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) are members of pattern recognition receptors and serve a pivotal
role in host immunity. TLRs response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns encoded …

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation contributes to vascular dysfunction in pathological
conditions such as hypertension and diabetes, but the role of chronic TLR4 activation on …