Excitotoxicity is a phenomenon that describes the toxic actions of excitatory
neurotransmitters, primarily glutamate, where the exacerbated or prolonged activation of …

Compelling evidence exists for pervasive sex differences in pathological conditions,
including anxiety and depressive disorders, with females more than twice as likely to be …

Fear memories allow animals to avoid danger, thereby increasing their chances of survival.
Fear memories can be retrieved long after learning,, but little is known about how retrieval …

Pavlovian fear conditioning is a particularly useful behavioral paradigm for exploring the
molecular mechanisms of learning and memory because a well-defined response to a …

The last 10 years have witnessed a surge of interest for the mechanisms underlying the
acquisition and extinction of classically conditioned fear responses. In part, this results from …

Abstract Lynch, MA. Long-Term Potentiation and Memory. Physiol Rev 84: 87–136, 2004;
10.1152/physrev. 00014.2003.—One of the most significant challenges in neuroscience is to …

The signaling pathway of the microtubule-associated protein kinase or extracellular
regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) is a common mechanism of extracellular information …

Excessive fear and anxiety are hallmarks of a variety of disabling anxiety disorders that
affect millions of people throughout the world. Hence, a greater understanding of the brain …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade that leads to the activation of
extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1 and-2 (ERK1 and ERK2) has a key role in the …

Over the course of natural history, countless animal species have evolved adaptive
behavioral systems to cope with dangerous situations and promote survival. Emotional …