Observations of H+ 3 in the Galactic diffuse interstellar medium have led to various
surprising results, including the conclusion that the cosmic-ray ionization rate (ζ 2) is about …

This is a summary of the 2013 release of the plasma simulation code Cloudy. Cloudy
models the ionization, chemical, and thermal state of material that may be exposed to an …

Context. Low-energy cosmic rays are a fundamental source of ionization for molecular
clouds, influencing their chemical, thermal, and dynamical evolution. Aims. The purpose of …

Cosmic rays (CRs) are thought to provide an important source of ionization in the outermost
and densest regions of protoplanetary disks; however, it is unknown to what degree they are …

Context. Low-energy cosmic rays (< 1 TeV) play a fundamental role in the chemical and
dynamical evolution of molecular clouds, as they control the ionisation, dissociation, and …

It has long been known that photoionization, whether by starlight or other sources, has
difficulty in accounting for the observed spectra of the optical filaments that often surround …

Cosmic-ray and X-ray heating are derived from the electron energy-loss calculations of
Dalgarno, Yan, and Liu for hydrogen–helium gas mixtures. These authors treated the …

We present the discovery of a molecular cloud at z abs≈ 2.5255 along the line of sight to the
quasar SDSS J 000015.17+ 004833.3. We use a high-resolution spectrum obtained with the …

We present a detailed analysis of an H2-rich, extremely strong intervening damped Ly α
absorption system (DLA) at z abs= 2.786 towards the quasar J 0843+ 0221, observed with …

Context. Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) play a crucial role in ionisation, dissociation, and
excitation processes within dense cloud regions where UV radiation is absorbed by dust …