▪ Abstract The Arctic is a key part of the global climate system because the net positive
energy input to the tropics must ultimately be resolved through substantial energy losses in …

The semi-domesticated nature of the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) makes it a distinct case
among the world's herbivores. Here, we review the literature on how reindeer shape …

The severity of fire varies in time and space depending not only on the biophysical
environment, but also on the location on the fire's perimeter (head vs. flank vs. rear). Spatial …

Summary 1 Studies on the variability of natural fire regimes are needed to understand plant
responses in a changing environment. Since vegetation changes might follow or trigger …

The effects of historical land use on tropical forest must be examined to understand present
forest characteristics and to plan conservation strategies. We compared the effects of past …

As a consequence of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, climate change is
predicted to be particularly pronounced, although regionally variable, in the vast arctic, sub …

During the last decade Quaternary pollen analysis has developed towards improved pollen-
taxonomical precision, automated pollen identification and more rigorous definition of pollen …

This study aims to define the level of naturalness in the protected forests of eastern
Fennoscandia, ie to determine how natural or semi-natural are the currently protected and …

Northern boreal forest reserves that display no signs of modern forest exploitation are often
regarded as pristine and are frequently used as ecological reference areas for conservation …

We studied moist deciduous forests of Chhattisgarh, India (1) to assess the effect of four
levels of historic wildland fire frequency (high, medium, low, and no-fire) on regeneration of …