The source of embryonic nutrition for development varies across teleost fishes. A
parentotrophy index (ratio of neonate: ovulated egg dry mass) is often used to determine …

The reproductive diversity of extant cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes) is
extraordinarily broad, reflecting more than 400 million years of evolutionary history. Among …

How and why complex organs evolve is generally lost to history. The mammalian placenta,
for example, was derived from a single common ancestor that lived over 100 million years …

Sexual conflict is caused by differences between the sexes in how fitness is maximized.
These differences are shaped by the discrepancy in the investment in gametes, how mates …

An outstanding question in biology is to what extent convergent evolution produces similar,
but not necessarily identical, complex phenotypic solutions. The placenta is a complex …

Viviparity has evolved from oviparity approximately 142 times among vertebrates. Different
theories have been proposed to explain the evolution of each of its traits in the different taxa …

Predation risk is often invoked to explain variation in stress responses. Yet, the answers to
several key questions remain elusive, including the following:(1) how predation risk …

The capacity of regenerating a new structure after losing an old one is a major challenge in
the animal kingdom. Fish have emerged as an interesting model to study regeneration due …

Parasites can negatively affect the reproductive success of hosts. Placental species may be
particularly susceptible, because parasite-induced stress during pregnancy could potentially …

The evolution of matrotrophy (post-fertilization maternal provisioning to developing embryos)
has been explained through several hypotheses. Trexler and DeAngelis proposed in 2003 a …