Regulatory T (Treg) cells represent a distinct lineage of cells of the adaptive immune system
indispensable for forestalling fatal autoimmune and inflammatory pathologies. The role of …

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has a fundamental role in modulating
inflammation and in maintaining cell homeostasis. It primarily acts as an anti-inflammatory …

The gut microbiota has a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Alterations
in the intestinal microbiota and gut microbiota-derived metabolites have been recognized in …

Abstract IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) has only existed as a unique disease entity since
2003, yet remarkable progress has already been achieved in describing the essential …

CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a vital role in providing help for B cells undergoing
selection and differentiation into activated antibody-secreting cells in mammalian germinal …

Follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells have specialized roles in modulating follicular helper T
(TFH) cell activation of B cells. However, the precise role of TFR cells in controlling antibody …

Immunity to malaria has been linked to the availability and function of helper CD4+ T cells,
cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells that can respond to both the asymptomatic liver stage …

Regulatory T cells (Treg) are essential to maintain immune homeostasis and prevent
autoimmune disorders. While the function and molecular regulation of Foxp3+ CD4+ Tregs …

Memory B cells (MBCs) are critical for the rapid development of protective immunity
following re-infection. MBCs capable of neutralizing distinct subclasses of pathogens, such …

In antibody responses, mutated germinal center B (BGC) cells are positively selected for
reentry or differentiation. As the products from GCs, memory B cells and antibody-secreting …