Cooperation between organisms can often be understood, like trade between merchants, as
a mutually beneficial exchange of services, resources or other 'commodities'. Mutual benefits …

The nutrient exchange mutualism between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) and their
host plants qualifies as a biological market, but several complications have hindered its …

Many animal social structures are organized hierarchically, with some individuals
monopolizing resources. Dominance hierarchies have received great attention from …

Group-living animals need to coordinate their activity in order to maintain gregariousness.
Although individuals have their own nutritional, social, and reproductive needs, they have to …

Dominance hierarchies can be interconnected with behaviours that are essential to manage
social living, such as affiliative behaviours and social play, whose importance can already …

The steepness of dominance hierarchies provides information about the degree of
competition within animal social groups and is thus an important concept in socioecology …

It is believed that domestic dogs rarely form packs with age-graded hierarchical structures
similar to those found in wolves. Dog-wolf comparisons in captivity suggest that human …

Socioecological environments that promote frequent interaction and social tolerance have
favored the evolution of strong and equitable social bonds, which facilitate cooperation and …

Social organisms sometimes depend on help from reciprocating partners to solve adaptive
problems [1], and individual cooperation strategies should aim to offer high supply …

Grooming interactions benefit groomers, but may have negative consequences for
bystanders. Grooming limits bystanders' grooming access and ensuing alliances could …