The fungal infections are relatively common in humans that can range from common, mild
superficial infections to life-threatening invasive infections. Most of the pathogenic fungi are …

The immune response to Candida species is shaped by the commensal character of the
fungus. There is a crucial role for discerning between colonization and invasion at mucosal …

Clearance of invading microbes requires phagocytes of the innate immune system.
However, successful pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to evade immune …

Candida albicans is a common fungal pathogen of humans that colonizes the skin and
mucosal surfaces of most healthy individuals. Until recently, little was known about the …

Dendritic cells take up antigens in peripheral tissues, process them into proteolytic peptides,
and load these peptides onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II …

Dendritic cells (DCs) collect and process antigens for presentation to T cells, but there are
many variations on this basic theme. DCs differ in the regulatory signals they transmit …

Abstract IL-17 (IL-17A) has emerged as a key mediator of protection against extracellular
microbes, but this cytokine also drives pathology in various autoimmune diseases …

Schistosomes are parasitic worms that are a prime example of a complex multicellular
pathogen that flourishes in the human host despite the development of a pronounced …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are ancient microbial pattern recognition receptors highly
conserved from Drosophila to humans. To investigate if subsets of human dendritic cell …

Why do bacteria have shape? Is morphology valuable or just a trivial secondary
characteristic? Why should bacteria have one shape instead of another? Three broad …