Throughout evolution, plants have developed a highly complex defense system against
different threats, including phytopathogens. Plant defense depends on constitutive and …

Abstract Calcium (Ca 2+) signaling consists of three steps:(1) initiation of a change in
cellular Ca 2+ concentration in response to a stimulus,(2) recognition of the change through …

Applications of animal manure and treated wastewater could enrich antibiotic-resistant
bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the plant microbiome. However …

Glutamate (Glu) is the primary excitatory transmitter in the mammalian brain. But, we know
little about the evolutionary history of this adaptation, including the selection of l-glutamate …

Plant cell walls are highly dynamic and chemically complex structures surrounding all plant
cells. They provide structural support, protection from both abiotic and biotic stress as well as …

A plant cell wall is a highly complex structure consisting of networks of polysaccharides,
proteins, and polyphenols that dynamically change during growth and development in …

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. It is also one of the most
globally traded commodities. Coffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by the biotrophic fungus …

Several oligosaccharide fragments derived from plant cell walls activate plant immunity and
behave as typical damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Some of them also …

Allopolyploidization, resulting in divergent genomes in the same cell, is believed to trigger a
“genome shock”, leading to broad genetic and epigenetic changes. However, little is …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non‐coding RNAs that direct post‐transcriptional gene
silencing in plant development and stress responses through cleavage or translational …