The regulation of ionic, osmotic and acid–base (IOAB) conditions in biological fluids is
among the most fundamental functions in all organisms; being surrounded by water …

The vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (VHA) is a multi-subunit enzyme that uses the energy from
ATP hydrolysis to transport H+ across biological membranes. VHA plays a universal role in …

Diatom cell walls, called frustules, are main sources of biogenic silica in the ocean and their
intricate morphology is an inspiration for nanoengineering. Here we show dynamic aspects …

Coral calcification is intricately linked to the chemical composition of the fluid in the
extracellular calcifying medium (ECM), which is situated between the calcifying cells and the …

The inner ear is essential for maintaining balance and hearing predator and prey in the
environment. Each inner ear contains three CaCO 3 otolith polycrystals, which are calcified …

Aim To identify the physiological role of the acid‐base sensing enzyme, soluble adenylyl
cyclase (sAC), in red blood cells (RBC) of the model teleost fish, rainbow trout. Methods We …

Carbon dioxide (CO 2) and its hydration products hydrogen (H+), bicarbonate HCO 3− and
carbonate CO 3 2− ions collectively contribute to the acid-base status of aqueous solutions …

Biomineralizing cells concentrate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and remove protons
from the site of mineral precipitation. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms that …

The gastrointestinal tract of fish contains powerful transport mechanisms for HCO 3− and H+,
and is a site of temporal and spatial variations in pH, HCO 3−, and PCO 2 (CO 2 dynamics) …

Accumulating evidence indicates development of local extracellular acidosis in inflamed
tissues in response to infection and tissue injury. Activation of infiltrating neutrophils …