Personality traits are consistent across time and context, by definition, but the expression of
personality in behavior is affected by both developmental and environmental factors. Little is …

Over the years, theoreticians and empiricists working in a wide range of disciplines,
including physiology, ethology, psychology, and behavioral ecology, have suggested a …

Highlights•We tested repeatability and heritability of exploration and cognition in
lizards.•Only exploration and spatial learning were moderately repeatable between …

Animal personalities represent repeatable behavioral differences exhibited by individuals in
a population. Variation in personality traits across individuals is an increasingly recognized …

Despite growing attention to the ecological and evolutionary importance of consistent
individual differences in behaviour (animal personality), long-term field studies quantifying …

Animals are exposed to high levels of anthropogenic disturbance, which has profound
consequences for population persistence. Individuals can adjust their behavior plastically …

Many species show inter-individual variation in exploratory behaviours that are consistent
over time, reflecting a personality. Differences in exploration can affect how individuals …

Animal personality is defined as individual variation in behaviour that is consistent over time
and/or across contexts. Animal personality is now considered a fundamental aspect in the …

Animal personality, behavioural differences among individuals which are consistent through
time and contexts, is generally described by one or more traits. Different methods are used …

Endocrine systems and individual behavioral differences (temperament) are often linked in
animals. In particular, glucocorticoids (corticosterone [CORT]) have been implicated in …