Some maternal infections, contracted before or during pregnancy, can be transmitted to the
fetus, during gestation (congenital infection), during labor and childbirth (perinatal infection) …

Why certain viruses cross the physical barrier of the human placenta but others do not is
incompletely understood. Over the past 20 years, we have gained deeper knowledge of …

Incidence and mortality trend of congenital heart disease at... : Medicine Incidence and mortality
trend of congenital heart disease at the global, regional, and national level, 1990–2017 : Medicine …

Background Zika virus is an arthropod-borne virus that is a member of the family Flaviviridae
transmitted mainly by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. Although usually asymptomatic …

Zika virus is causally linked with congenital microcephaly and may be associated with
pregnancy loss. However, the mechanisms of Zika virus intrauterine transmission and …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was demonstrated in the
placenta; however, the data on the prevalence of placental infection and associated …

Microcephaly is an important sign of neurological malformation and a predictor of future
disability. The 2015–16 outbreak of Zika virus and congenital Zika infection brought the …

Rubella is a systemic virus infection that is usually mild. It can, however, cause severe birth
defects known as the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) when infection occurs early in …

During pregnancy, the placenta forms the anatomical barrier between the mother and
developing fetus. Infectious agents can potentially breach the placental barrier resulting in …

Increasing data on the infection indicate that maternal infections are severe. Under the
realms of vaccine development, virus‐like particles (VLP)/nanoparticles (NPs) hold the …