To understand the persistence of racial disparities across multiple domains (eg, residential
location, schooling, employment, health, housing, credit, and justice) and to develop …

The collection and analysis of observational and experimental data represent the main tools
for assessing the presence, the extent, the nature, and the trend of discrimination …

We review the empirical literature in economics on discrimination in the labor market and
criminal justice system, focusing primarily on discrimination by race. We then discuss …

Researchers often lack the necessary data to credibly estimate racial discrimination in
policing. In particular, police administrative records lack information on civilians police …

We study how people change their behavior after being made aware of bias. Teachers in
Italian schools give lower grades to immigrant students relative to natives of comparable …

Employing the universe of juvenile court decisions in a US state between 1996 and 2012,
we analyze the effects of emotional shocks associated with unexpected outcomes of football …

Over 20 percent of prison and jail inmates in the United States are currently awaiting trial,
but little is known about the impact of pretrial detention on defendants. This paper uses the …

This paper investigates whether judge political affiliation contributes to racial and gender
disparities in sentencing using data on over 500,000 federal defendants linked to …

This article develops a new test for identifying racial bias in the context of bail decisions—a
high-stakes setting with large disparities between white and black defendants. We motivate …

We study ingroup bias—the preferential treatment of members of one's group—in naturally
occurring data, where economically significant allocation decisions are made under a strong …