Fibrosis progression in the lung commonly results in impaired functional gas exchange,
respiratory failure, or even death. In addition to the aberrant activation and differentiation of …

Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 belong to the T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine family, along with IL-3, IL-
5, and IL-9. These cytokines are key mediators of allergic inflammation. They have important …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a prototype of lethal, chronic, progressive interstitial
lung disease of unknown etiology. Over the past decade, macrophage has been recognized …

The scarcity of malignant Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg cells hampers tissue-based
comprehensive genomic profiling of classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). By contrast, liquid …

Interleukins (IL)-4 and-13 play a pivotal role in the pathobiology of type-2 asthma. Indeed, IL-
4 is crucially involved in Th2 cell differentiation, immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching and …

Background Moderate-to-severe asthma remains poorly treated. We evaluated the efficacy
and safety of dupilumab (SAR231893/REGN668), a fully human monoclonal antibody to the …

Background Type 2 inflammation is common in numerous atopic/allergic diseases and can
be identified by elevated biomarker levels. Dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody …

B cells within germinal centers (GCs) enter cycles of antibody affinity maturation or exit the
GC as memory cells or plasma cells. Here, we examined the contribution of interleukin (IL)-4 …

Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease with an incompletely understood etiology.
The disease is characterized by red, scaly and well-demarcated skin lesions formed by the …

Macrophages are able to polarize to proinflammatory M1 or alternative M2 states with
distinct phenotypes and physiological functions. How metabolic status regulates …