Integral membrane proteins (MPs) are important drug targets across most fields of medicine,
but historically have posed a major challenge for drug discovery due to difficulties in …

ABSTRACT A milestone in the field of recombinant binding molecules was achieved 30
years ago with the discovery of single-domain antibodies from which antigen-binding …

NOX2 is the prototypical member of the NADPH oxidase NOX superfamily and produces
superoxide (O2•−), a key reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is essential in innate and …

The success of protein engineering and design has extensively expanded the protein space,
which presents a promising strategy for creating next-generation proteins of diverse …

Antibodies are essential biological research tools and important therapeutic agents, but
some exhibit non-specific binding to off-target proteins and other biomolecules. Such …

Membrane proteins, including ion channels, receptors and transporters, are often composed
of multiple subunits and can form large complexes. Their specific composition in native …

The μ-opioid receptor (μOR), a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is the target
of opioid analgesics such as morphine and fentanyl. Due to the severe side effects of current …

Protein glycosylation is a crucial mediator of biological functions and is tightly regulated in
health and disease. However, interrogating complex protein glycoforms is challenging, as …

The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes the
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly altered people's way of life. Despite …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a large class of transmembrane helical
proteins which are involved in numerous physiological signaling pathways and therefore …