Nature uses a limited, conservative set of amino acids to synthesize proteins. The ability to
genetically encode an expanded set of building blocks with new chemical and physical …

Termination of mRNA translation occurs when a stop codon enters the A site of the
ribosome, and in eukaryotes is mediated by release factors eRF1 and eRF3, which form a …

Aquaporin channels facilitate bidirectional water flow in all cells and tissues. AQP4 is highly
expressed in astrocytes. In the CNS, it is enriched in astrocyte endfeet, at synapses, and at …

Gene expression in human tissue has primarily been studied on the transcriptional level,
largely neglecting translational regulation. Here, we analyze the translatomes of 80 human …

Stop codon readthrough (SCR) occurs when the ribosome miscodes at a stop codon. Such
readthrough events can be therapeutically desirable when a premature termination codon …

The fusion of genome engineering and adoptive cellular therapy holds immense promise for
the treatment of genetic disease and cancer. Multiplex genome engineering using targeted …

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) have a crucial role in protein synthesis, and in recent years, their
therapeutic potential for the treatment of genetic diseases—primarily those associated with a …

Readthrough into the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of the mRNA results in the
production of aberrant proteins. Metazoans efficiently clear readthrough proteins, but the …

Termination of protein synthesis is not 100% efficient. A number of natural mechanisms that
suppress translation termination exist. One of them is STOP codon readthrough, the process …

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a quality control pathway in eukaryotes that
continuously monitors mRNA transcripts to ensure truncated polypeptides are not produced …