Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a destructive inflammatory autoimmune disease that causes
pain and disability. Many of the currently available drugs for treating RA patients are aimed …

Macrophages are highly heterogeneous and plastic immune cells that play an important role
in the fight against pathogenic microorganisms and tumor cells. After different stimuli …

The innate immune system, which eliminates pathogens and abnormal cells, is involved in
the pathogenesis of various diseases and infections, where Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a …

Background Neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of almost every central
nervous system disorder. As the brain's innate immune cells, microglia fine tune their activity …

Frequent exposure to sea spray aerosols (SSA) containing marine microorganisms and
bioactive compounds may influence human health. However, little is known about potential …

Macrophages play a central role in initiating, maintaining, and terminating inflammation. For
that, macrophages respond to various external stimuli in changing environments through …

Abstract Fatal “cytokine storms (CS)” observed in critically ill COVID-19 patients are
consequences of dysregulated host immune system and over-exuberant inflammatory …

The sensing of nucleic acids by DEAD/H‐box helicases, specifically retinoic acid‐inducible
gene I (RIG‐I) and melanoma differentiation‐associated protein 5 (MDA5), plays a critical …

Neurotoxicity can cause a range of symptoms and disorders in humans, including
neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, nerve conduction …

The mechanisms underlying pathological changes in the central nervous system (CNS)
following Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) infection have not yet been elucidated. IFN-γ …