Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger cells
that express Toll-like receptor 9 (including human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells) …

Organisms throughout biology need to maintain the integrity of their genome. From bacteria
to vertebrates, life has established sophisticated mechanisms to detect and eliminate foreign …

This work describes the nature and strength of the immune response induced by various Toll-
like receptor ligands and their ability to act as vaccine adjuvants. It reviews the various …

Short interfering RNA (siRNA) is used in RNA interference technology to avoid non-target-
related induction of type I interferon (IFN) typical for long double-stranded RNA. Here we …

The response to pathogens and damage in plants and animals involves a series of carefully
orchestrated, highly evolved, molecular mechanisms resulting in pathogen resistance and …

In subunit vaccines, strong CD8+ T-cell responses are desired, yet they are elusive at
reasonable adjuvant doses. We show that targeting adjuvant to the lymph node (LN) via …

It has been 50 years since the initial descriptions of what are now known as plasmacytoid
dendritic cells (pDC) and type I IFN. pDC, which are infrequent cells found in the peripheral …

In vertebrates, the TLRs are a family of specialized immune receptors that induce protective
immune responses when they detect highly conserved pathogen-expressed molecules …

CpG Oligonucleotides (ODN) are immunomodulatory synthetic oligonucleotides specifically
designed to stimulate Toll-like receptor 9. TLR9 is expressed on human plasmacytoid …

Members of the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) subfamily are evolutionarily related and sense
viral and bacterial infections at the endosomal subcellular compartment. Whereas TLR9 …