Vaccines are essential tools for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in animals.
One of the most important steps in vaccine development is the selection of a suitable …

As the global population grows, the demand for beef and dairy products is also increasing.
The cattle industry is facing tremendous pressures and challenges. The expanding cattle …

An inactivated whole-virus vaccine is currently used to prevent foot-and-mouth disease
(FMD). Although this vaccine is effective, it offers short-term immunity that requires regular …

Introduction Foot-and-mouth disease is globally one of the most economically important viral
diseases of cloven-hoofed animals that can be controlled by different strategies, where …

To enhance the potency of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine, saponin was included
in the vaccine formula. In this study, the combined effect of Montanide ISA 50 and saponin …

Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is a highly devastating viral disease affecting all cloven‐
hoofed animals. The disease threatens food security and livelihoods across different parts of …

Subunit vaccines consisting of highly purified antigens require the presence of adjuvants to
create effective and long‐lasting protective immunity. Advances on adjuvant research …

Viral myocarditis is a common clinical cardiovascular disease mainly induced by
coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) with no effective therapeutic measures. Induction of efficient …

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a notifiable contagious disease of cloven-hoofed
mammals. A high potency vaccine that stimulates the host immune response is the foremost …

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals
with huge economic losses because of significant decrease of yield. One of the most basic …