Earth system models have been continously improved over the past decades, but systematic
errors compared with observations and uncertainties in climate projections remain. This is …

Physical systems are governed by partial differential equations (PDEs). The Navier-Stokes
equations describe fluid flows and are representative of nonlinear physical systems with …

Sharp fronts and eddies that are ubiquitous in the world ocean, as well as features such as
shelf seas and under-ice-shelf cavities, are not captured in climate projections. Such small …

Earth system models (ESMs) are the primary tools for investigating future Earth system
states at timescales from decades to centuries, especially in response to anthropogenic …

The use of machine learning to build subgrid parametrizations for climate models is
receiving growing attention. State‐of‐the‐art strategies address the problem as a supervised …

Tipping points (TP) in climate subsystems are usually thought to occur at a well-defined,
critical forcing parameter threshold, via destabilization of the system state by a single …

The constitutive relations of the Richardson‐Richards equation encode the macroscopic
properties of soil water retention and conductivity. These soil hydraulic functions are …

This paper presents MQGeometry, a multi-layer quasi-geostrophic (QG) equation solver for
non-rectangular geometries. We advect the potential vorticity (PV) with finite volumes to …

Climate models must simulate hundreds of future scenarios for hundreds of years at coarse
resolutions, and a handful of high resolution decadal simulations to resolve localized …

The spectral wave model WAM (Cycle 6) is a commonly used code package for ocean wave
forecasting. However, it is still a challenge to include it into the long-term Earth system …