Sexual dimorphism refers to differences between biological sexes that extend beyond
sexual characteristics. In humans, sexual dimorphism in the immune response has been …

The immune system functions in a sexually dimorphic manner, with females exhibiting more
robust immune responses than males. However, how female sex hormones affect immune …

Pregnancy is a unique type of immunological process. Healthy pregnancy is associated with
a series of inflammatory events: implantation (inflammation), gestation (anti-inflammation) …

Preeclampsia is a complex cardiovascular disorder of pregnancy with underlying
multifactorial pathogeneses; however, its etiology is not fully understood. It is characterized …

During the implantation window, the endometrium becomes poised to transition to a
pregnant state, a process driven by differentiation of stromal cells into decidual cells (DC) …

CC motif ligand 2 (CCL2), also known as monocytic chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), is an
integral chemotactic factor which recruits macrophages for the immune response. Together …

Tissues are the new frontier of discoveries in immunology. Cells of the immune system are
an integral part of tissue physiology and immunity. Determining how immune cells inhabit …

BACKGROUND Estrogens regulate disparate female physiological processes, thus
ensuring reproduction. Altered estrogen levels and signaling have been associated with …

Historically tools and technologies facilitated scientific discoveries. Steroid hormone
research is not an exception. Unfortunately, the dramatic advancement of the field faded this …

Obesity is accompanied by a systemic chronic low-grade inflammation as well as
dysfunctions of several innate and adaptive immune cells. Recent findings emphasize an …