Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) generate the second messenger cAMP from ATP. Mammalian cells
express nine transmembrane AC (mAC) isoforms (AC1–9) and a soluble AC (sAC, also …

Stimulus-secretion coupling is an essential process in secretory cells in which regulated
exocytosis occurs, including neuronal, neuroendocrine, endocrine, and exocrine cells. While …

Chronic pain can lead to anxiety and anxiety can enhance the sensation of pain.
Unfortunately, little is known about the synaptic mechanisms that mediate these re-enforcing …

The gene encoding the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-
γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) was targeted in mice. PGC-1α null (PGC-1α−/−) mice were viable …

Tau, a microtubule-associated protein, is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer9s
Disease (AD) in regard to both neurofibrillary tangle formation and neuronal network …

Cyclic AMP is a universal second messenger, produced by a family of adenylyl cyclase (AC)
enzymes. The last three decades have brought a wealth of new information about the …

The adenylyl cyclases are variously regulated by G protein subunits, a number of
serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinases, and Ca2+. In some physiological situations …

Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second
messenger cAMP. Mammals possess nine isoforms of transmembrane ACs, dubbed AC1–9 …

Mechanistic descriptions of cAMP production have evolved significantly since the 1960s
when Sutherland and Rall hypothesized the existence of a single polypeptide that would …

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and the related urocortin peptides mediate behavioral,
cognitive, autonomic, neuroendocrine and immunologic responses to aversive stimuli by …