Objective. 4D dose calculation (4DDC) for pencil beam scanned (PBS) proton therapy is
typically based on phase-sorting of individual pencil beams onto phases of a single …

Purpose We developed a 4‐dimensional dynamic dose (4DDD) calculation model for proton
pencil beam scanning (PBS). This model incorporates the spill start time for all energies and …

This work investigates the dosimetric impact on 4D dose distribution estimation for pencil
beam scanned (PBS) proton therapy as function of the temporal resolution used for the time …

The interplay between the beam delivery time structure and the patient motion makes 4D
dose calculation (4DDC) important when treating moving tumors with intensity modulated …

The tetrahedral-mesh (TM) geometry, which is a very promising geometry for computational
human phantoms, has a limitation in 3D dose distribution calculation for medical …