The APOBEC family of single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminases comprises a formidable
arm of the vertebrate innate immune system. Pre-vertebrates express a single APOBEC …

Retroviruses have long been a fertile model for discovering host–pathogen interactions and
their associated biological principles and processes. These advances have not only …

Previous genome-wide scans of positive natural selection in humans have identified a
number of non-neutrally evolving genes that play important roles in skin pigmentation …

Mammalian genes and genomes have been shaped by ancient and ongoing challenges
from viruses. These genetic imprints can be identified via evolutionary analyses to reveal …

Host restriction factors are potent, widely expressed intracellular blocks to viral replication
that are an important component of the innate immune response to viral infection. However …

As the first line of defence against pathogens, cells mount an innate immune response,
which varies widely from cell to cell. The response must be potent but carefully controlled to …

Retroviral replication involves the formation of a DNA provirus integrated into the host
genome. Through this process, retroviruses can colonize the germ line to form endogenous …

Many human genetic associations with resistance to malaria have been reported, but few
have been reliably replicated. We collected data on 11,890 cases of severe malaria due to …

The tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins have been intensively studied as essential modulators in
various biological processes, especially in regulating a wide range of signaling pathways …

Evolutionary conflicts involving mimicry are found throughout nature. Diverse pathogens
produce a range of'mimics' that resemble host components in both form and function. Such …