Macular edema consists of intra-or subretinal fluid accumulation in the macular region. It
occurs during the course of numerous retinal disorders and can cause severe impairment of …

Endothelial tight junctions (TJs) regulate the transport of water, ions, and molecules through
the paracellular pathway, serving as an important barrier in blood vessels and maintaining …

Diabetic retinopathy is a major diabetic complication with a highly complex etiology.
Although there are many pathways involved, it has become established that chronic …

In the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetes-related hyperglycemia directly
inhibits the AKT signaling pathway by increasing oxidative stress or inhibiting growth factor …

The microenvironment of the cochlea is maintained by the barrier between the systemic
circulation and the fluids inside the stria vascularis. However, the mechanisms that control …

The significance of oxidative stress in the development of chronic neurodegenerative
diseases of the retina has become increasingly apparent in recent years. Reactive oxygen …

Pathological angiogenesis is a key feature of many diseases including retinopathies such as
ROP (retinopathy of prematurity) and DR (diabetic retinopathy). There is considerable …

Increased vascular permeability is an inciting event in many vascular complications
including diabetic retinopathy. We have previously reported that pigment epithelium-derived …

The disruption of microvascular barrier in response to advanced glycation end products
(AGEs) stimulation contributes to vasculopathy associated with diabetes mellitus. Here, to …

Tissue perivascular resident macrophages (PVM/Ms), a hybrid cell type with characteristics
of both macrophages and melanocytes, are critical for establishing and maintaining the …