Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are central players in translation, functioning as adapter molecules
between the informational level of nucleic acids and the functional level of proteins. They …

The chemical identity of RNA molecules beyond the four standard ribonucleosides has
fascinated scientists since pseudouridine was characterized as the “fifth” ribonucleotide in …

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA), transfer RNA and other biological or synthetic RNA
polymers can contain nucleotides that have been modified by the addition of chemical …

The Standard Genetic Code (SGC) can arise by fusion of partial codes evolved in different
individuals, perhaps for differing prior tasks. Such code fragments can be unified into an …

The uridine at the 34th position of tRNA, which is able to base pair with the 3′-end codon
on mRNA, is usually modified to influence many aspects of decoding properties during …

RNA modifications are involved in numerous biological processes. These modifications are
constitutive or modulated in response to adaptive processes and can impact RNA base …

Post-transcriptional modifications of tRNA are crucial for their core function. The inosine (I; 6-
deaminated adenosine) at the first position in the anticodon of tRNAArg (ICG) modulates the …

Background Chloroplasts are one of the most indispensable organelles that make life forms
on the earth possible by their capacity to photosynthesize. These organelles possess a …

All nucleic acids in cells are subject to post-transcriptional chemical modifications. These are
catalyzed by a myriad of enzymes with exquisite specificity and that utilize an often-exotic …

In bacteria, tRNAs that decode 4-fold degenerate family codons and have uridine at position
34 of the anticodon are typically modified with either 5-methoxyuridine (mo5U) or 5 …