Solids are rigid, which means that when left undisturbed, their structures are nearly static. It
follows that these structures depend on history—but it is surprising that they hold readable …

Materials with an irreversible response to cyclic driving exhibit an evolving internal state
which, in principle, encodes information on the driving history. Here we realize irreversible …

The nonlinear response of driven complex materials—disordered magnets, amorphous
media, and crumpled sheets—features intricate transition pathways where the system …

Crumpling an ordinary thin sheet transforms it into a structure with unusual mechanical
behaviors, such as enhanced rigidity, emission of crackling noise, slow relaxations, and …

While memory effects emerge from systems of wildly varying lengthscales and timescales,
the reduction of a complex system with many interacting elements into one simple enough to …

Materials that feature bistable elements, hysterons, exhibit memory effects. Often, these
hysterons are difficult to observe or control directly. Here, we introduce a mechanical …

We present results on an automaton model of an amorphous solid under cyclic shear. After a
transient, the steady state falls into one of three cases in order of increasing strain …

Cyclically sheared jammed packings form memories of the shear amplitude at which they
were trained by falling into periodic orbits where each particle returns to the identical …

Reversible to irreversible (R-IR) transitions arise in numerous periodically driven collectively
interacting systems that, after a certain number of driving cycles, organize into a reversible …

When subject to cyclic forcing, amorphous solids can reach periodic, repetitive states, where
the system behaves plastically, but the particles return to their initial positions after one or …